Wide dynamic range using monochromatic sensor

ABSTRACT

The disclosure extends to methods, systems, and computer program products for widening dynamic range within an image in a light deficient environment.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/483,934, filed on Apr. 10, 2017 (U.S. Pat. No. 10,165,195, issued onDec. 25, 2018), which application is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/362,512, filed on Nov. 28, 2016 (U.S. Pat. No.9,624,817, issued on Apr. 11, 2017), which application is a division ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/952,564, filed on Jul. 26, 2013(U.S. Pat. No. 9,509,917, issued on Nov. 29, 2016), and claims thebenefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/676,289, filed onJul. 26, 2012, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/790,719,filed on Mar. 15, 2013, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.61/790,487, filed on Mar. 15, 2013, which are hereby incorporated byreference herein in their entireties, including but not limited to thoseportions that specifically appear hereinafter, the incorporation byreference being made with the following exception: In the event that anyportion of the above-referenced applications are inconsistent with thisapplication, this application supersedes said above-referencedapplications.

BACKGROUND

Advances in technology have provided advances in imaging capabilitiesfor medical use. One area that has enjoyed some of the most beneficialadvances is that of endoscopic surgical procedures because of theadvances in the components that make up an endoscope.

The disclosure relates generally to electromagnetic sensing and sensorsrelated to increasing dynamic range within frames of an enhanced videostream. The features and advantages of the disclosure will be set forthin the description which follows, and in part will be apparent from thedescription, or may be learned by the practice of the disclosure withoutundue experimentation. The features and advantages of the disclosure maybe realized and obtained by means of the instruments and combinationsparticularly pointed out in the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Non-limiting and non-exhaustive implementations of the disclosure aredescribed with reference to the following figures, wherein likereference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various viewsunless otherwise specified. Advantages of the disclosure will becomebetter understood with regard to the following description andaccompanying drawings where:

FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a frame sequence pattern inaccordance with the principles and teachings of the disclosure;

FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of a frame sequence pattern inaccordance with the principles and teachings of the disclosure;

FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of a frame sequence pattern inaccordance with the principles and teachings of the disclosure;

FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of a frame sequence pattern inaccordance with the principles and teachings of the disclosure;

FIG. 5 illustrates a schematic representation of an embodiment of apixel in accordance with the principles and teaching of the disclosure;

FIG. 6 illustrates a schematic representation of an embodiment of ashared pixel configuration in accordance with the principles andteaching of the disclosure;

FIG. 7 illustrates a schematic representation of an embodiment of ashared pixel configuration in accordance with the principles andteaching of the disclosure;

FIG. 8 illustrates a schematic representation of an embodiment of apixel array having a plurality of pixels having differing sensitivitiesin accordance with the principles and teaching of the disclosure;

FIG. 9 illustrates a graphical representation of the operation of apixel array in accordance with the principles and teachings of thedisclosure;

FIG. 10 illustrates a graphical representation of the operation of apixel array in accordance with the principles and teachings of thedisclosure;

FIG. 11 illustrates a graphical representation of the operation of apixel array in accordance with the principles and teachings of thedisclosure;

FIG. 12 illustrates a graphical representation of the operation of apixel array over time in accordance with the principles and teachings ofthe disclosure;

FIG. 13 illustrates a graphical representation of the operation of apixel array over time in accordance with the principles and teachings ofthe disclosure;

FIG. 14 illustrates a graphical representation of the operation of apixel array over time in accordance with the principles and teachings ofthe disclosure;

FIG. 15 illustrates a graphical representation of the operation of apixel array over time in accordance with the principles and teachings ofthe disclosure;

FIG. 16 illustrates a graphical representation of the operation of apixel array having a plurality of exposure sensitivities over time inaccordance with the principles and teachings of the disclosure;

FIG. 17 illustrates a flow chart of an embodiment of an image sensor inaccordance with the principles and teachings of the disclosure;

FIG. 18 illustrates a graphical representation of the exposure responseof a sensor having a plurality of pixel sensitivities in accordance tothe principles and teaching of the disclosure;

FIG. 19 illustrates a graphical representation of fusion weighting on along exposure signal in accordance to the principles and teaching of thedisclosure;

FIG. 20 illustrates a graphical representation of an embodiment of atransfer function for data compression in accordance to the principlesand teaching of the disclosure;

FIG. 21 illustrates a graphical representation of an embodiment for datacompression in accordance to the principles and teaching of thedisclosure;

FIG. 22 illustrates an embodiment of a frame sequence pattern inaccordance with the principles and teachings of the disclosure;

FIG. 23 illustrates an embodiment of a frame sequence pattern inaccordance with the principles and teachings of the disclosure;

FIG. 24 illustrates an embodiment of a frame sequence pattern inaccordance with the principles and teachings of the disclosure;

FIG. 25 illustrates an embodiment of hardware in accordance with theprinciples and teachings of the disclosure;

FIGS. 26A and 26B illustrate an implementation having a plurality ofpixel arrays for producing a three dimensional image in accordance withthe teachings and principles of the disclosure;

FIGS. 27A and 27B illustrate a perspective view and a side view,respectively, of an implementation of an imaging sensor built on aplurality of substrates, wherein a plurality of pixel columns formingthe pixel array are located on the first substrate and a plurality ofcircuit columns are located on a second substrate and showing anelectrical connection and communication between one column of pixels toits associated or corresponding column of circuitry; and

FIGS. 28A and 28B illustrate a perspective view and a side view,respectively, of an implementation of an imaging sensor having aplurality of pixel arrays for producing a three dimensional image,wherein the plurality of pixel arrays and the image sensor are built ona plurality of substrates.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The disclosure extends to methods, systems, and computer based productsfor digital imaging that may be primarily suited to medicalapplications. In the following description of the disclosure, referencemay be made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, andin which is shown by way of illustration specific implementations inwhich the disclosure may be practiced. It may be understood that otherimplementations may be utilized and structural changes may be madewithout departing from the scope of the disclosure.

As used herein, an emitter is a device that is capable of generating andemitting electromagnetic pulses. Various embodiments of emitters may beconfigured to emit pulses and have very specific frequencies or rangesof frequencies from within the entire electromagnetic spectrum. Pulsesmay comprise wavelengths from the visible and non-visible ranges. Anemitter may be cycled on and off to produce a pulse or may produce apulse with a shutter mechanism. An emitter may have variable poweroutput levels or may be controlled with a secondary device such as anaperture or filter. An emitter may emit broad spectrum or full spectrumelectromagnetic radiation that may produce pulses through colorfiltering or shuttering. An emitter may comprise a plurality ofelectromagnetic sources that act individually or in concert.

Dynamic range (DR) may be one of the most important characteristics ofdigital camera systems such as those employed in endoscopy or otherapplications. It governs the ability of the system to capture sceneswith broad ranges of luminosity. Too small a DR and details within lowlight areas of the scene may be lost in the noise when the response ofthe system may be adjusted to accommodate for the bright areas.Conversely, if the system is adjusted to bring out the low-light detail,information in the bright areas may be lost because the signal exceedsthe saturation level. DR may be defined as the ratio between the highestallowed signal, S_(max), and the lowest resolvable signal. The lattermay be conventionally equated to the overall read noise, νR, whicharises from the analog readout process within the sensor:

${DR} = {20\; {\log_{10}\left( \frac{S_{\max}}{\sigma_{R}} \right)}}$

Normally S_(max), may be dictated by the charge capacity (i.e., thefull-well) of the pixel. Many methods of artificially extending the DRhave been invented, which include, e.g., dual exposures within the sameframe, multiple frames with different exposures, logarithmic responsepixels, dual response pixels and others. Each of them has its ownbenefits, shortcomings and limitations. In the case of dual exposuremethods, the DR extension may be equal to the exposure time ratio(T_(long)/T_(short)), therefore:

${DR} = {20\; {\log_{10}\left( {\frac{S_{\max}}{\sigma_{R}} \cdot \frac{T_{long}}{T_{short}}} \right)}}$

Such extensions of DR may be typically referred to as wide or highdynamic range (WDR, WiDy or HDR). In this system, the illumination ofthe scene may be provided by virtue of monochromatic fast light pulses,which may be synchronized to the frame captures by the image sensor.Each frame may receive a single wavelength of light or any combinationof wavelengths, e.g., three. Since color modulation may be effectedframe by frame, the sensor may be monochrome, which has a significantadvantage for spatial resolution. The specific method of dual exposuredescribed herein exploits the fact that the array may be monochrome inproviding for the most granular and ideal spatial segmentationarrangement possible for two exposures; that of the checkerboardpattern.

Ultimately a final video sequence of full color frames at a certainframe rate may be generated. This will inevitably be a lower rate thanthe capture rate, since different components may be being derived fromdifferent captures.

Several possible checkerboard embodiments involve strobing each framewith one of three available monochromatic red, green and blue sources.Green information may be more valuable in regards to detail than blueand red, since the luminance perceived by the human eye peaks in thegreen region of the spectrum. For this reason, the popular Bayer patternof color filters affords twice as many pixels to the detection of greenlight than either red or blue. For monochromatic frame sequencing thenit may be advantageous to employ a repeating sequence of four frames,with two of the four being green, i.e., G-R-G-B. Green data may also bemore important in regards to dynamic range since the rods in the humanretina may be more sensitive at low light levels. Therefore, the dualexposure could be applied solely for the green frames. The most basicembodiment may configure half of the pixels to be short exposures ongreen frames and the other half may be configured as long exposures inthe same way for every green frame.

Referring now to FIG. 1, there is illustrated an advantageous embodimentthat would alternate which particular subset of pixels 101 areconfigured as long exposures and which are configured as short exposureson successive green frames. This particular embodiment is illustrated inFIG. 1, in which the L and S subscripts indicate long and shortexposures, respectively, with respect to green (G), red (R), and blue(B) frames, or other denoted color schemes in other figures. Asillustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, the short exposure pixels are indicated by103 and the long exposure pixels are indicated by 105. Such an approachmay offer an advantage for perceived resolution since the interpolatedlocations continually swap places with actual pixel samples for a givenexposure, from frame to frame.

It will be appreciated that other ways of utilizing pulsed monochromaticlight sources may be possible. Co-pending U.S. patent application Ser.No. 13/952,518 entitled CONTINUOUS VIDEO IN A LIGHT DEFICIENTENVIRONMENT is hereby incorporated by this reference into thisdisclosure as if fully set forth herein. One particularly advantageousway may be to provide pure luminance (Y) information by pulsing the red,green and blue sources at the same with the appropriate pulse energyproportions. The chrominance-red (Cr) and chrominance-blue (Cb)information can be provided on the alternate frames by adding sufficientluminance in each case to make all of the pulse energies positive. Theimage processing chain can extract the data in a true color spaceprovided it knows the applied proportions. In such a circumstance, thedual exposure may be applied on the luminance frames where it may bemost needed, as indicated in FIG. 2.

The application of dual exposure sampling may not be limited to thegreen or luminance frames and should the circumstances in the scenewarrant it, another embodiment may also have independent dual exposureratios applied for the red and blue frames, as illustrated in FIG. 3.FIG. 4 shows the equivalent case for luminance-chrominance lightpulsing.

FIG. 5 shows a circuit diagram for a conventional unshared pixel 500having the four transistors necessary to facilitate low-noise,correlated double sampling. There may be five service wires required tooperate the pixel 500, as shown. It may be possible to share three ofthe four transistors between two or more neighboring pixels 500, whichincreases the available area for the photodiode. As pixel size may bereduced it becomes harder to maintain quantum efficiency since thephotodiode occupies a smaller proportion of the area. Sharing may be anapproach that may be commonly used by sensor manufacturers, particularlyfor small pixel devices. Another benefit afforded by transistor sharingmay be a reduction in the average number of wires required per pixel.

FIG. 6 depicts the unit cell for an array with conventional 2-wayvertical sharing. Since three transistors may be shared, there may befive transistors total for two pixels, i.e. 2.5 transistors per pixel.In regards to wire routing, six wires in total may be needed per pixelpair. Four of them may be horizontally routed and two of them may bevertically routed, resulting in two per pixel edge in each dimension.This may be in contrast with the unshared case which has threehorizontal and two vertical wires per pixel edge.

The approach may be to pair up the pixels horizontally instead ofvertically. This may be normally less favorable as regards wire routingsimplicity, since the four horizontal wires now may be fit in a singlepixel edge. See FIG. 7. There may be two significant benefits however,that outweigh this routing disadvantage.

The first benefit may be that only half of the net circuitry may berequired to service each column. This helps to reduce the overall chiparea since the column circuitry may be a major consumer of chip space.As illustrated in FIG. 8, a single column circuit may serve four columnsof pixels instead of two, which would be the case for vertical 2-waysharing.

The second benefit may be that horizontal sharing provides twoindependent TX signals per row. This opens up the possibility of havingtwo independent exposures within a single row, which alternates betweenodd and even columns, as shown in FIG. 8. The checkerboard arrangementof dual exposures may be made possible now by virtue of switching theTX1 and TX2 odd/even column associations, on alternate rows. FIG. 8indicates how this may be done for one embodiment by inserting a “twist”in the TX1/TX2 routing for every second row. This type of odd-evenexposure pattern may be only applicable for the case of monochromesensors. Color sensors have neighboring pixels with different colorfilters therefore odd/even exposure modulation would only be effectivein changing the white balance and not in increasing the dynamic range.

In other embodiments, the switching of the TX1/TX2 assignments from rowto row may be accomplished by virtue of two alternating flavors of rowdriver circuitry at the side of the array, or by crafting the TX1/TX2routing differently within the odd and even rows.

Referring now to FIG. 9, there is depicted the general timing situationfor a rolling shutter CMOS sensor with full-frame integration. In thefigure, the diagonal lines represent the action of the read and resetpointer as it rolls through the rows of pixels. This period includes thetime during which optical black or optically blind (OB) rows 902 (bothfront and back rows) may be read (e.g., during the read out frame 906),blanking time 908 and the time during which any other data that may notbe physical pixel data may be issued (e.g., service line time).

The philosophy of modulating the light color on a frame-by-frame basismay be so that the sensor may be monochrome and thus have higherresolution than, e.g., a Bayer based equivalent. The penalty may be thatmultiple frames may be read in order to produce a single full colorimage. This penalty may be nullified and the frame rate restored,however, if the sensor is able to be read out correspondingly faster.

FIGS. 10 and 11 illustrate the timing for two alternative ways in whichmultiple sets of pixels in an array may integrate different degrees oflight. The exposure modulation may be effected by virtue of two globalTX pulses, GlobalTX1 and GlobalTX2. They effectively create two globalshutters when combined with the light pulse edge(s).

At the end of the integration period, the rolling pointer providesanother TX pulse in order to transfer the signal for readout. Fordescriptive purposes, the case of two sets of pixels of differentexposures in the checkerboard pattern (as described above), will mainlybe emphasized. It should be noted however, that the scope of thisdisclosure is intended to cover cases with higher numbers of pixel types(i.e., exposures) and with alternative physical pixel type arrangements.The spatial pattern depends on the number of pixel sets, the pixellayout, the pixel array arrangement and the pixel array connections tothe peripheral circuitry.

To avoid confusion the rolling TX signals may be referred to here as TX1and TX2, whereas the global TX signals may be called GlobalTX1 andGlobalTX2. Global pulses affect all attached pixels in the array at thesame time. The non-global pulses may be applied via the rolling pointer.

Those knowledgeable of CMOS image sensors should note that this methodof global shutter does not suffer from the problems associated withglobal shutter when used with continuous illumination. In that case, thesignals may be stored on the leaky floating diffusion nodes forsignificant periods of time, whereas for the two methods describedherein with pulsed illumination, the benefit may be taken of thephotodiode to store the photosignal.

Note that pixels may be held in reset as long as their transfer (TX) andreset (RST) transistors may be held on (i.e., the high state in theFigures). In that state any current in the photodiode may be drained offto the supply.

The integration period starts when the TX transistor turns off (low inthe Figures). Now referring to FIG. 10, all pixels may be held in resetmode and may be therefore flushed, when GlobalTX1, GlobalTX2 andGlobalRST may be all high. When GlobalTX2 goes low, all pixels in thearray attached to TX2 start to integrate. When the P2 light pulseoccurs, its corresponding photocharge may be integrated by the TX2pixels. However, because the GlobalRST and GlobalTX1 signals may bestill high, any photocharge created by the P2 pulse in the TX1 pixelsmay be just drained off. When GlobalTX1 goes low, the TX1 pixels startto integrate. At that point, the TX2 pixels will have fully integratedthe P2 pulse and the TX1 pixels, nothing. When the P1 light pulseoccurs, it may be integrated by both the TX1 and the TX2 pixels.Therefore at the end of the sequence, the TX1 pixels will have a netphotocharge resulting from only the P1 light pulses whereas the TX2pixels will have integrated both light pulses.

FIG. 11 may be a similar timing diagram, for an alternative dualillumination embodiment. Instead of instigating 2 separate discretelight pulses, a single light pulse stays on during the period that bothTX transistors may be turned off. The integrated light may beproportional to the time between the TX falling edge and the light pulsefalling edge, therefore different pixel responses may be achieved bystaggering the GlobalTX1 and GlobalTX2 falling edges. For the exampleshown, the TX1 pixels integrate ˜⅓ of the light generated by the lightpulse whereas the TX2 pixels integrate ˜⅔ of the total pulse energy.

In a further embodiment, the dual illumination can be achieved with amixture of the FIG. 10 and FIG. 11 timings. The GlobalTX2 signal wouldreturn to its low state before the rising edge of the single lightpulse, which would make the TX2 pixels integrate the whole energy of thelight pulse.

The dual exposure in this case may be achieved by the different timingsdescribed with respect to FIGS. 10 and 11, where a greater number ofilluminations can be achieved by increasing the number of light pulsesduring the same blanking time.

FIG. 12 shows the internal timing of an embodiment of a minimal areacustom sensor, for the purpose of endoscopic imaging in the presence ofcontrolled, pulsed illumination. Each frame period may comprise fourdistinct phases, which may be optimized for monochrome light pulsing andmultiple pixel illuminations. During phases 1 and 3, data may be issuedfrom the sensor, which may be not signal samples from physical pixels.Rather they may be data concerned with the synchronization of the chipto the camera system and for data locking. These “service line” periodsmay also be used for internal and external monitoring and for theencoding of certain types of non-pixel data within the line. Suchinternal monitoring may include the sensor temperature, plus certainvoltages and currents. External monitoring may include hand-piece buttonactivity or, e.g., data from measurements of the angle of the endoscope.Phase 2 may be concerned with the sensor rolling readout (internaltiming and synchronization) while phase 4 may be for the purpose ofsensor configuration. During the configuration phase, the sensor outputdata lines may be reversed to accept incoming configuration commands.Therefore the camera controller may be be synchronized to the phase 4period. Phase 4 also doubles as the global shutter phase during whichthe operations depicted in FIGS. 10 and 11 may be performed. For thisreason, phase 4 may be also synchronized with the light pulsing system.

Note that the pulse widths and timing of the global signals (GlobalTX1,GlobalTX2 and GlobalRST) may be fully programmable and that phase 4 maybe the only phase with variable length. This enables the available pulsetime to be tuned in order to match the available light power, given thetype of frame it is. Individual wavelength sources may varysignificantly, e.g., in regards to maximum available light power,quantum efficiency and response time. What may be important may be thatthe final frame rate may be a suitable multiple of the average capturerate. Beyond that, any variation within the repeating pattern of frametypes can be taken care of by the appropriate buffering within the imagesignal processing chain (ISP). FIG. 13 illustrates an example of a4-frame cycle with four different frame lengths and the four differentblanking times accepting four maximum-allowed light modulations.

FIG. 14 shows the timing diagram for the frame sequence illustrated inFIG. 2, which may be based upon the Y-Cb-Y-Cr pattern. All three sourcesmay be fired during the luminance frames, i.e. frames #1 and #3. Frames#2 and #4 may be able to provide the Cb and Cr information respectivelywith a single wavelength pulse, by virtue of a critically tunedadmixture of luminance.

Another approach to dynamic range enhancement may be provided by spatialbinning of signals. An additional advantage of having a monochromesensor may be that neighboring pixels may be binned together. Binningenables a greater reach of signal and thus greater DR, at the expense ofspatial resolution.

Precisely where the binning takes place, dictates the effectiveness ofbinning in extending the DR. Take for example binning of two adjacentpixels, (2-way binning). If the binning may be done in the digitaldomain, an additional factor 2 (6 dB) of signal may be realized. Howeverthere may be two analog samples, each contributing an equal amount ofread noise which amounts to a factor √2 (3 dB) of noise enhancement.Therefore the binning of data from two pixels at a point later in thechain than the source of read-noise amounts to 3 dB of additional DR.However, if the binning may be performed in the charge domain, i.e., atthe pixel level as described earlier, then the additional DR that may berealized may be 6 dB, since the addition of readout noise occurs afterthe summation of signal.

The 2-way shared architecture described earlier provides for just such ameans of 2-way binning in the charge domain. Simultaneous pulsing of theTX1 and TX2 signals results in both photo-signals being transferred tothe shared floating diffusion at the same time. When each row may besubsequently read out, it has twice the charge range with the samenoise, as compared to the un-binned case, and therefore 6 dB of extraDR.

An embodiment may comprise dual exposure control. The key to optimal,effective operation of this type of dynamic range (DR) enhancement(i.e., dual exposure) may be continuous control over the exposure timeratio.

In particular: first there should be no dynamic range extension at all,if the scene does not demand it, i.e., if the dynamic range of the scenemay be below the intrinsic dynamic range of the pixel. Second, if thedynamic range of the scene may be greater than the pixel, the amount ofadded dynamic range should be just sufficient to provide for it withminimal margin.

The reason for this may be that artificial dynamic range extensionalways comes at a price. For the method described in this disclosure,there may be a spatial resolution cost, which increases on a slidingscale with increasing exposure ratio. In the limit of maximal exposureratio, the vast majority of the useful image content, for either high orlow luminosity scene regions, comes from only one of the exposures. Atthat extreme, the resolution asymptotically approaches the equivalent ofhaving 1/√2 times the number of pixels in x and y and then up-scaling byinterpolation. At the other extreme, when the ratio may be unity, theremay be no DR extension and no penalty.

Generally, digital cameras that experience randomly varying illuminationscenarios, such as camcorders, incorporate a means of continuallyadjusting the sensor operation conditions so as to always make the bestuse of the available DR. This process may be known as auto-exposure.There may be typically several variables that may be adjusted accordingto a pre-defined table, including, e.g., integration time (shutter),analog gain, digital gain, aperture etc. FIG. 15 is an example of ahypothetical table for a system that incorporates shutter time, analoggain and digital gain. The lighting itself may be normally beyond thecontrol of the camera with the exception of flash illumination used forstill capture.

This disclosure may be specifically concerned with a camera system thathas full control over the amount of pulsed red, green and blueillumination, frame by frame, for continuous video capture.

In the case of such a pulsed illumination system, the scene illuminancemay be under the control of the camera or imaging device. Therefore theoverall light pulse energy effectively takes the place of the shutter.Since more photosignal results in higher SNR, the light energy may beincreased until the desired digital signal level may be reached withinthe ISP chain, for a chosen percentile of the distribution of a selectedcentral region of pixels. The analog gain may be held at its minimumsetting which can be considered to be the gain at which the bottom ofthe distribution of pixel signal capacity (full well), may be just abovethe upper rail of the ADC, (with some contingency for sensor to sensorvariation). The maximum light pulse energy may be limited by theduration of the available portion of the frame and by the maximumelectromagnetic energy provided, e.g., by laser diode or LED current.Only when that limit may be reached may be any gain applied. For theR-G-B-G pulse sequence case, the best overall SNR may be obtained bymonitoring and controlling the three frame types independently, (so asto maximize all photon fluxes) and attenuating two of the colorsdigitally in the ISP for white balance purposes. An alternative approachto white balance may be to modulate the relative R, G and B pulseenergies. This approach has lower final signal over noise ratio (SNR),but it still eliminates the need for any digital white balance gainsthat may be greater than unity, which would enhance the perception ofnoise.

For controlling the exposure time ratio (and thus the extent of the DRextension), WDR statistics may be gathered independently for the twoflavors of pixel present in the checkerboard pattern. This may beoptionally done independently for the red, green and blue frames too.Two corresponding histograms of black-corrected signal for a region ofthe image may be constructed. One of the histograms may be used, asmentioned earlier, to control the pulse energy level by comparing achosen percentile (P_(L)) of the distribution to a target signal level(S_(L), e.g. 50% of the digital DR). The exposure time of these type-1pixels, T_(L) may be held at maximum. The subscript L here denotes thelong exposure. The other histogram may be used to monitor the DR of thescene by comparing another chosen percentile of the distribution, P_(S),where P_(S)>P_(L), and comparing that with a different signal level,S_(S), where S_(S)>S_(L). The subscript S denotes the short exposure.S_(S) may be generally tuned close to the top of the digital DR. IfP_(S)≤S_(S), the exposure time for these type-2 pixels, T_(S), may bealso held at maximum. If P_(S)>S_(S), then T_(S) may be lowered untilP_(S)=S_(S). See FIG. 16. There may be a predefined limit (E) as to howmuch the exposure time ratio may be allowed to increase, since at acertain point, the image quality degradation due to DR enhancementoutweighs the benefit. The values of P_(L), P_(S), S_(L), S_(S) and Emay be tuned differently according to different applications and storedas factory presets. The exposure times T_(L) and T_(S) may be recordedfor each frame type, for use by the WDR fusion process (discussedfurther below) and by the color fusion ISP stage. In the case that thered, green and blue pulse energies may be modulated for the purpose ofwhite balance, the exposure times on the red and blue frames may begoverned by the green frames which may be exclusively used to gather theWDR statistics.

For the Y-Cb-Y-Cr illumination the three relative pulse energies may beheld constant for a particular frame type. The WDR control may beapplied for the luminance frames as a baseline with the option of alsoapplying WDR independently on the chrominance frames. The histograms maybe constructed on the raw black-corrected frame data as for the R-G-B-Gscheme. Again the exposure times for each frame type may be recorded forWDR fusion and for color fusion.

An embodiment may comprise wide dynamic range data being proceeded inthe ISP. FIG. 17 shows the basic ISP arrangement for checkerboard WDRwith the Y-Cb-Y-Cr pulsing scheme. It may be important that the WDRfusion comes after the dark frame subtraction so that the mean blackoffset has been adjusted to zero and the data may be signed. It may bealso highly desirable to have had the FPN removed. The aim of the fusionprocess may be to combine for each frame, the data for the two separateexposures into single images, prior to color fusion. The first stepinvolves separating the two components of the checkerboard pattern intotwo separate buffers and filling in the gaps by interpolation. There maybe only one general kernel required since every empty pixel sees thesame local environment, (except for pixels near the edges of the image).A suitable convolution kernel for filling in the checkerboard pattern bysimple linear interpolation is:

$\quad\begin{pmatrix}0 & \frac{1}{4} & 0 \\\frac{1}{4} & 0 & \frac{1}{4} \\0 & \frac{1}{4} & 0\end{pmatrix}$

Following interpolation there may be two samples for each pixellocation. FIG. 18 shows the illuminance—signal relations for an exposureratio of 4 which would yield 12 dB of additional DR. A gain may beapplied to the short exposure sample, which may be equal to theexposure-time ratio, T_(L)/T_(S). This requires the addition of oneextra bit for each factor 2 of ratio. The fusion itself involves makinga weighted sum of the two samples:

$x_{f} = {{\gamma \cdot \left( \frac{T_{L}}{T_{S}} \right) \cdot x_{S}} + {\left( {1 - \gamma} \right)x_{L}}}$

Where xs and xi, may be the (signed) short and long exposure signalsrespectively. The r factor may be a function of the long exposuresignal, x_(L), and may be set according to two thresholds, τ₁ and τ₂.Below x_(L)=τ₁, γ=0.0, above γ=τ₂, γ=1.0. Between the thresholds,various functional forms may be employed. See FIG. 19 in which linearand cubic example behaviors of γ between τ₁ and τ₂, may be drawn. Thevalue of τ₂ may be set to the maximum possible value of x_(L), e.g., orsomething just below it. The purpose of the lower threshold, τ₁, may beto limit the influence of read noise from the short sample which has thegain factor T_(L)/T_(S) applied to it. It can be set to a conservativelyhigh constant, to accommodate the maximum ratio E, but it may be morebeneficial to have it vary linearly with T_(L)/T_(S);

$\tau_{1} = {\left( \frac{T_{L}}{T_{S}} \right) \cdot \eta}$

Following the stitching process, the image data occupies a greaternumber of bits of digital dynamic range than the original long and shortsamples did, therefore it needs to have its bit count reduced back tothe ISP pipeline width prior to the next stage. If ISP pipeline widthmay be n bits, the fused image has m bits where (m−n) may be the base-2logarithm of the exposure time ratio, rounded up to the next integer.The data may be first linearly scaled such that the maximum possiblevalue maps to exactly 2^(m)-1. This can be accomplished e.g. byprovision of a look-up table of multipliers, for the set of allowedexposure time ratios that lie between 1 and 2, to get to the next exactpower of 2. This approach assumes the progression of allowed exposuretime ratios within each power of 2-interval, may be always the same. Toreturn to n bits, a piece-wise linear transfer function may be appliedwhich emphasizes the data at the low end, see FIG. 20. This preventsinteresting information at the low end being lost through compression.Alternatively, a smooth logarithmic transfer function can be applied tothe data using a pre-defined look up table, similar to the gammafunction. For this option the look up table needs to have sufficiententries to cover the maximum fused linear bit count (m_(max)). The fuseddata, already scaled to an exact power of 2 (i.e. m), would be furtherup-shifted to m_(max) bits before applying the LUT.

A simpler, albeit less versatile overall approach to fusion andcompression, may be to divide the final DR into 2 sections, for examplethe bottom 60% and the top 40%, and to map the long and short samplesrespectively, linearly into them. In the input domain, the crossoverwould e.g. occur at the maximum value of x_(L). See FIG. 21.

The provision of 2 or more exposure periods within the same frame withina pulsed illumination endoscopy system may also be exploited for thepurpose of reducing the number of captured frames per final full-colorimage, from three to two. This has an obvious benefit for suppressingpossible color motion artifacts that may be associated with such asystem.

For the monochromatic pulsing approach, red and blue data may becombined in the same frame, while providing a full resolution frame ofgreen pixels as shown in FIG. 22. This may be accomplished by virtue ofchanging the light content at the same time that the short exposurepixels start to integrate their signal. See FIG. 23. This limits theavailable dynamic range for chrominance, but DR may be not as importantfor color information as it may be for luminance since the conereceptors in the human retina may be far less sensitive than the rods.It also has the consequence of reducing the spatial resolution forchrominance but that also may be not an issue since the eye has greaterresolution for luminance and chrominance may be usually spatiallyfiltered within ISPs to reduce noise. In fact WDR can be exercised forthe luminance frames at the same time that the exposure time duality maybe used to combine the other two channels in a single frame.

An inherent property of the monochrome WDR array may be that the pixelsthat have the long integration time may be integrate a superset of thelight seen by the short integration time pixels. For regular WiDyoperation in the luminance frames, that may be desirable. For thechrominance frames it means that the pulsing may be be controlled inconjunction with the exposure periods so as to e.g. provide λY+Cb fromthe start of the long exposure and switch to δY+Cr at the point that theshort pixels may be turned on (both pixel types have their chargestransferred at the same time). λ and δ may be two tunable factors thatmay be used to bring all pulse energies to positive values.

During color reconstruction in the ISP, the two flavors of pixel wouldbe separated into two buffers. The empty pixels would be filled in usinge.g. linear interpolation. At this point, one buffer would contain afull image of δY+Cr data and the other; δY+Cr+λY+Cb. The δY+Cr bufferwould be subtracted from the second buffer to give λY+Cb. Then theappropriate proportion of luminance data from the Y frames would besubtracted out for each.

FIG. 24 depicts the timing of the light pulses with respect to therelevant sensor timing for the combined chrominance frame. Here, theproportion of mixed luminance may be critically tuned to reduce eachchrominance situation to a single wavelength solution.

Implementations of the disclosure may comprise or utilize a specialpurpose or general-purpose computer including computer hardware, suchas, for example, one or more processors and system memory, as discussedin greater detail below. Implementations within the scope of thedisclosure may also include physical and other computer-readable mediafor carrying or storing computer-executable instructions and/or datastructures. Such computer-readable media can be any available media thatcan be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer system.Computer-readable media that store computer-executable instructions maybe computer storage media (devices). Computer-readable media that carrycomputer-executable instructions may be transmission media. Thus, by wayof example, and not limitation, implementations of the disclosure cancomprise at least two distinctly different kinds of computer-readablemedia: computer storage media (devices) and transmission media.

Computer storage media (devices) includes RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM,solid state drives (“SSDs”) (e.g., based on RAM), Flash memory,phase-change memory (“PCM”), other types of memory, other optical diskstorage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or anyother medium which can be used to store desired program code means inthe form of computer-executable instructions or data structures andwhich can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer.

A “network” may be defined as one or more data links that enable thetransport of electronic data between computer systems and/or modulesand/or other electronic devices. In an implementation, a sensor andcamera control unit may be networked in order to communicate with eachother, and other components, connected over the network to which theymay be connected. When information is transferred or provided over anetwork or another communications connection (either hardwired,wireless, or a combination of hardwired or wireless) to a computer, thecomputer properly views the connection as a transmission medium.Transmissions media can include a network and/or data links which can beused to carry desired program code means in the form ofcomputer-executable instructions or data structures and which can beaccessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer. Combinationsof the above should also be included within the scope ofcomputer-readable media.

Further, upon reaching various computer system components, program codemeans in the form of computer-executable instructions or data structuresthat can be transferred automatically from transmission media tocomputer storage media (devices) (or vice versa). For example,computer-executable instructions or data structures received over anetwork or data link can be buffered in RAM within a network interfacemodule (e.g., a “NIC”), and then eventually transferred to computersystem RAM and/or to less volatile computer storage media (devices) at acomputer system. RAM can also include solid state drives (SSDs or PCIxbased real time memory tiered Storage, such as FusionIO). Thus, itshould be understood that computer storage media (devices) can beincluded in computer system components that also (or even primarily)utilize transmission media.

Computer-executable instructions comprise, for example, instructions anddata which, when executed at a processor, cause a general purposecomputer, special purpose computer, or special purpose processing deviceto perform a certain function or group of functions. The computerexecutable instructions may be, for example, binaries, intermediateformat instructions such as assembly language, or even source code.Although the subject matter has been described in language specific tostructural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understoodthat the subject matter defined in the appended claims is notnecessarily limited to the described features or acts described above.Rather, the described features and acts may be disclosed as exampleforms of implementing the claims.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the disclosure may bepracticed in network computing environments with many types of computersystem configurations, including, personal computers, desktop computers,laptop computers, message processors, control units, camera controlunits, hand-held devices, hand pieces, multi-processor systems,microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, network PCs,minicomputers, mainframe computers, mobile telephones, PDAs, tablets,pagers, routers, switches, various storage devices, and the like. Itshould be noted that any of the above mentioned computing devices may beprovided by or located within a brick and mortar location. Thedisclosure may also be practiced in distributed system environmentswhere local and remote computer systems, which may be linked (either byhardwired data links, wireless data links, or by a combination ofhardwired and wireless data links) through a network, both performtasks. In a distributed system environment, program modules may belocated in both local and remote memory storage devices.

Further, where appropriate, functions described herein can be performedin one or more of: hardware, software, firmware, digital components, oranalog components. For example, one or more application specificintegrated circuits (ASICs) or field programmable gate arrays can beprogrammed to carry out one or more of the systems and proceduresdescribed herein. Certain terms may be used throughout the followingdescription and Claims to refer to particular system components. As oneskilled in the art will appreciate, components may be referred to bydifferent names. This document does not intend to distinguish betweencomponents that differ in name, but not function.

FIG. 25 is a block diagram illustrating an example computing device 100.Computing device 100 may be used to perform various procedures, such asthose discussed herein. Computing device 100 can function as a server, aclient, or any other computing entity. Computing device can performvarious monitoring functions as discussed herein, and can execute one ormore application programs, such as the application programs describedherein. Computing device 100 can be any of a wide variety of computingdevices, such as a desktop computer, a notebook computer, a servercomputer, a handheld computer, camera control unit, tablet computer andthe like.

Computing device 100 includes one or more processor(s) 102, one or morememory device(s) 104, one or more interface(s) 106, one or more massstorage device(s) 108, one or more Input/Output (I/O) device(s) 110, anda display device 130 all of which may be coupled to a bus 112.Processor(s) 102 include one or more processors or controllers thatexecute instructions stored in memory device(s) 104 and/or mass storagedevice(s) 108. Processor(s) 102 may also include various types ofcomputer-readable media, such as cache memory.

Memory device(s) 104 include various computer-readable media, such asvolatile memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM) 114) and/ornonvolatile memory (e.g., read-only memory (ROM) 116). Memory device(s)104 may also include rewritable ROM, such as Flash memory.

Mass storage device(s) 108 include various computer readable media, suchas magnetic tapes, magnetic disks, optical disks, solid-state memory(e.g., Flash memory), and so forth. As shown in FIG. 25, a particularmass storage device is a hard disk drive 124. Various drives may also beincluded in mass storage device(s) 108 to enable reading from and/orwriting to the various computer readable media. Mass storage device(s)108 include removable media 126 and/or non-removable media.

I/O device(s) 110 include various devices that allow data and/or otherinformation to be input to or retrieved from computing device 100.Example I/O device(s) 110 include digital imaging devices,electromagnetic sensors and emitters, cursor control devices, keyboards,keypads, microphones, monitors or other display devices, speakers,printers, network interface cards, modems, lenses, CCDs or other imagecapture devices, and the like.

Display device 130 includes any type of device capable of displayinginformation to one or more users of computing device 100. Examples ofdisplay device 130 include a monitor, display terminal, video projectiondevice, and the like.

Interface(s) 106 include various interfaces that allow computing device100 to interact with other systems, devices, or computing environments.Example interface(s) 106 may include any number of different networkinterfaces 120, such as interfaces to local area networks (LANs), widearea networks (WANs), wireless networks, and the Internet. Otherinterface(s) include user interface 118 and peripheral device interface122. The interface(s) 106 may also include one or more user interfaceelements 118. The interface(s) 106 may also include one or moreperipheral interfaces such as interfaces for printers, pointing devices(mice, track pad, etc.), keyboards, and the like.

Bus 112 allows processor(s) 102, memory device(s) 104, interface(s) 106,mass storage device(s) 108, and I/O device(s) 110 to communicate withone another, as well as other devices or components coupled to bus 112.Bus 112 represents one or more of several types of bus structures, suchas a system bus, PCI bus, IEEE 1394 bus, USB bus, and so forth.

For purposes of illustration, programs and other executable programcomponents may be shown herein as discrete blocks, although it isunderstood that such programs and components may reside at various timesin different storage components of computing device 100, and may beexecuted by processor(s) 102. Alternatively, the systems and proceduresdescribed herein can be implemented in hardware, or a combination ofhardware, software, and/or firmware. For example, one or moreapplication specific integrated circuits (ASICs) can be programmed tocarry out one or more of the systems and procedures described herein.

FIGS. 26A and 26B illustrate a perspective view and a side view,respectively, of an implementation of a monolithic sensor 2900 having aplurality of pixel arrays for producing a three dimensional image inaccordance with the teachings and principles of the disclosure. Such animplementation may be desirable for three dimensional image capture,wherein the two pixel arrays 2902 and 2904 may be offset during use. Inanother implementation, a first pixel array 2902 and a second pixelarray 2904 may be dedicated to receiving a predetermined range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, wherein the first pixel array isdedicated to a different range of wave length electromagnetic radiationthan the second pixel array.

FIGS. 27A and 27B illustrate a perspective view and a side view,respectively, of an implementation of an imaging sensor 3000 built on aplurality of substrates. As illustrated, a plurality of pixel columns3004 forming the pixel array are located on the first substrate 3002 anda plurality of circuit columns 3008 are located on a second substrate3006. Also illustrated in the figure are the electrical connection andcommunication between one column of pixels to its associated orcorresponding column of circuitry. In one implementation, an imagesensor, which might otherwise be manufactured with its pixel array andsupporting circuitry on a single, monolithic substrate/chip, may havethe pixel array separated from all or a majority of the supportingcircuitry. The disclosure may use at least two substrates/chips, whichwill be stacked together using three-dimensional stacking technology.The first 3002 of the two substrates/chips may be processed using animage CMOS process. The first substrate/chip 3002 may be comprisedeither of a pixel array exclusively or a pixel array surrounded bylimited circuitry. The second or subsequent substrate/chip 3006 may beprocessed using any process, and does not have to be from an image CMOSprocess. The second substrate/chip 3006 may be, but is not limited to, ahighly dense digital process in order to integrate a variety and numberof functions in a very limited space or area on the substrate/chip, or amixed-mode or analog process in order to integrate for example preciseanalog functions, or a RF process in order to implement wirelesscapability, or MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) in order tointegrate MEMS devices. The image CMOS substrate/chip 3002 may bestacked with the second or subsequent substrate/chip 3006 using anythree-dimensional technique. The second substrate/chip 3006 may supportmost, or a majority, of the circuitry that would have otherwise beenimplemented in the first image CMOS chip 3002 (if implemented on amonolithic substrate/chip) as peripheral circuits and therefore haveincreased the overall system area while keeping the pixel array sizeconstant and optimized to the fullest extent possible. The electricalconnection between the two substrates/chips may be done throughinterconnects 3003 and 3005, which may be wirebonds, bump and/or TSV(Through Silicon Via).

FIGS. 28A and 28B illustrate a perspective view and a side view,respectively, of an implementation of an imaging sensor 3100 having aplurality of pixel arrays for producing a three dimensional image. Thethree dimensional image sensor may be built on a plurality of substratesand may comprise the plurality of pixel arrays and other associatedcircuitry, wherein a plurality of pixel columns 3104 a forming the firstpixel array and a plurality of pixel columns 3104 b forming a secondpixel array are located on respective substrates 3102 a and 3102 b,respectively, and a plurality of circuit columns 3108 a and 3108 b arelocated on a separate substrate 3106. Also illustrated are theelectrical connections and communications between columns of pixels toassociated or corresponding column of circuitry.

It will be appreciated that the teachings and principles of thedisclosure may be used in a reusable device platform, a limited usedevice platform, a re-posable use device platform, or asingle-use/disposable device platform without departing from the scopeof the disclosure. It will be appreciated that in a re-usable deviceplatform an end-user is responsible for cleaning and sterilization ofthe device. In a limited use device platform the device can be used forsome specified amount of times before becoming inoperable. Typical newdevice is delivered sterile with additional uses requiring the end-userto clean and sterilize before additional uses. In a re-posable usedevice platform a third-party may reprocess the device (e.g., cleans,packages and sterilizes) a single-use device for additional uses at alower cost than a new unit. In a single-use/disposable device platform adevice is provided sterile to the operating room and used only oncebefore being disposed of.

Additionally, the teachings and principles of the disclosure may includeany and all wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, including the visibleand non-visible spectrums, such as infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), andX-ray.

It will be appreciated that various features disclosed herein providesignificant advantages and advancements in the art. The followingembodiments may be exemplary of some of those features.

In the foregoing Detailed Description of the Disclosure, variousfeatures of the disclosure may be grouped together in a singleembodiment for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This methodof disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention thatthe claimed disclosure requires more features than may be expresslyrecited in each claim. Rather, inventive aspects lie in less than allfeatures of a single foregoing disclosed embodiment.

It is to be understood that the above-described arrangements may be onlyillustrative of the application of the principles of the disclosure.Numerous modifications and alternative arrangements may be devised bythose skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope ofthe disclosure and the appended claims may be intended to cover suchmodifications and arrangements.

Thus, while the disclosure has been shown in the drawings and describedabove with particularity and detail, it will be apparent to those ofordinary skill in the art that numerous modifications, including, butnot limited to, variations in size, materials, shape, form, function andmanner of operation, assembly and use may be made without departing fromthe principles and concepts set forth herein.

Further, where appropriate, functions described herein can be performedin one or more of: hardware, software, firmware, digital components, oranalog components. For example, one or more application specificintegrated circuits (ASICs) can be programmed to carry out one or moreof the systems and procedures described herein. Certain terms may beused throughout the following description and Claims to refer toparticular system components. As one skilled in the art will appreciate,components may be referred to by different names. This document does notintend to distinguish between components that differ in name, but notfunction.

The foregoing description has been presented for the purposes ofillustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or tolimit the disclosure to the precise form disclosed. Many modificationsand variations may be possible in light of the above teaching. Further,it should be noted that any or all of the aforementioned alternateimplementations may be used in any combination desired to formadditional hybrid implementations of the disclosure.

Further, although specific implementations of the disclosure have beendescribed and illustrated, the disclosure is not to be limited to thespecific forms or arrangements of parts so described and illustrated.The scope of the disclosure is to be defined by the claims appendedhereto, any future claims submitted here and in different applications,and their equivalents.

1. A system for digital imaging in a light deficient environmentcomprising: an emitter for providing illumination in electromagneticpulses; an image sensor that is sensitive to the electromagnetic pulsesand creates image data therefrom; wherein said image sensor comprises aplurality of subsets of differing pixels; wherein each of the pixelscomprises a transfer gate transistor; wherein each transfer gatetransistor in one subset of pixels are electrically connected togetherby a TX signal; wherein the TX signal provides global operation oftransfer gate transistor (TX) per subset of pixels; a memory comprisinginstruction for controlling the emitter so as to pulse for a pluralityof exposures that correspond to the subsets of differing pixels; whereinsaid memory further comprises instructions that coordinate the pulses tobe emitted during a predefined portion of the image sensor frame periodduring which pulse sensitive pixels are not read; and wherein aprocessor combines the plurality of exposures to expand dynamic range.2. The system of claim 1, wherein said emitter comprises lasers.
 3. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein said emitter comprises light emitting diodes.4. The system of claim 1, wherein the image sensor is a monochromaticsensor.
 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the plurality of subsets ofpixels are arranged in a checker board pattern.
 6. The system of claim1, wherein two pixels share a floating diffusion.
 7. The system of claim1, wherein four pixels share a floating diffusion.
 8. The system ofclaim 5, wherein two pixels share a floating diffusion in the horizontaldirection in a 2-way pixel share, wherein the TX signal comprises a TX1signal and a TX2 signal.
 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the TX1signal attaches the transfer gate transistor (TX) of pixels located on aleft side of the 2-way pixel share on odd rows, and the transfer gatetransistor (TX) of pixels located on a right side of the 2-way pixelshare on even rows, and the TX2 signal attaches the transfer gatetransistor (TX) of pixels located on the right side of the 2-way pixelshare on odd rows, and the transfer gate transistor (TX) of pixelslocated on the left side of the 2-way pixel share on even rows.
 10. Thesystem of claim 9, wherein the global operation of the TX1 signal andthe TX2 signal is performed during a predefined portion of the imagesensor frame period during which pulse sensitive pixels are not read.11. The system of claim 1, wherein the image sensor excludes a Bayerpattern.
 12. A digital imaging method for use with an endoscope inambient light deficient environments comprising: illuminating theenvironment with pulsed electromagnetic radiation; sensing a pluralityof differing exposures of reflected electromagnetic radiation with saidpixel array, receiving image data from said pixel array generates imagedata; creating an image frame from said image data; emitting pulsesduring a predefined portion of the image sensor frame period duringwhich pulse sensitive pixels are not being read; and creating a streamof images by sequentially combining a plurality of image frames takenusing the plurality of differing exposures to provide increased dynamicrange in the image frame.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the pulsedelectromagnetic radiation is pulsed in a pattern of red, green, bluegreen.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the pulsed electromagneticradiation is pulsed in a pattern of luminance, chrominance blue,luminance, chrominance red.
 15. The method of claim 12, wherein thepulsed electromagnetic radiation is pulsed in a four cycle pattern. 16.The method of claim 12, wherein the pulsed electromagnetic radiation ispulsed in a three cycle pattern.
 17. The method of claim 12, wherein thepulsed electromagnetic radiation comprises pulses in red green bluecolor space and luminance chromared chromablue color space.
 18. Themethod of claim 12, comprising horizontal binning during a charge periodof the pixel array operation.
 19. The method of claim 12, furthercomprising varying the pattern of the frame exposure period.
 20. Themethod of claim 12, further comprising creating a three dimensionalimage stream by combining the image frames of a plurality of pixelarrays disposed on a plurality of substrates that are offset relative ascene. 21-27. (canceled)